Tiger reintroduction planned at Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal on October 2

Project Tiger, initiated in 1973, is a centrally sponsored scheme aiming to conserve tigers as an umbrella species, protecting entire ecosystems. India's tiger population has rebounded from an estimated 1,200 in 1973 to approximately 3,700+ in recent census years—a significant conservation success. However, tiger concentration in limited reserves creates genetic bottlenecks and increases vulnerability to disease and conflict. Expanding tiger habitat across multiple reserves reduces these risks while utilizing existing protected area networks. Buxa's forest composition, available prey base (deer, wild boar), and water resources suggest ecological suitability. The October 2 date—coinciding with Gandhi Jayanti—carries symbolic significance for conservation initiation.

Conservation context: Tigers are apex predators requiring large territory ranges (30-100+ sq km per individual). Multiple reserves are necessary for viable populations. Reintroduction involves complex processes including: habitat assessment, prey base evaluation, infrastructure development for wildlife monitoring, conflict mitigation with local communities, and veterinary preparedness. Buxa faces unique challenges given its location bordering Bhutan and proximity to human settlements. Previous reintroduction attempts (Sariska, Panna) provided critical learning experiences regarding habitat management and anti-poaching measures. The timing also reflects India's commitment to wildlife conservation targets under international biodiversity frameworks.

Exam relevance: This tests understanding of: (1) Project Tiger objectives and implementation mechanisms; (2) Conservation strategies for apex predators; (3) Habitat management and ecological restoration; (4) Inter-state wildlife coordination; (5) Protected area networks' role in biodiversity conservation. UPSC questions could address: How is Project Tiger implemented? What are challenges in tiger reintroduction? How do governments balance conservation with local interests? This exemplifies India's commitment to Convention on Biological Diversity targets and ecosystem management principles.