Mahanadi interstate water dispute between Odisha and Chhattisgarh nears resolution

The Mahanadi river originates in the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh and flows through Odisha before draining into the Bay of Bengal. In 2018, the Union Government constituted the Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal under Section 4 of the Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956, following an official complaint filed by Odisha. The dispute highlighted constitutional mechanisms under Article 262 for adjudicating interstate river disputes in India.

Mahanadi is the sixth-largest river in India, possessing a total basin area of approximately 141,589 square kilometers, shared by Chhattisgarh (53%), Odisha (46%), and minor portions in Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra. Key hydrologic infrastructure on the river includes the landmark Hirakud Dam in Odisha, the longest earthen dam in the world. The dispute touches upon minimum ecological flow mandates and seasonal water allocation ratios.

A negotiated settlement outside protracted tribunal litigation sets an encouraging precedent for cooperative federalism and interstate resource management. For competitive exams, this development is extremely vital under Indian Polity and Geography syllabi. Examiners frequently draft Prelims questions on Mahanadi tributaries (such as Seonath, Ib, Tel, and Hasdeo) and Article 262 provisions, alongside Mains questions on interstate water governance frameworks.