One-Liner Current Affairs

RSS founded 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar in Nagpur; centenary celebrated 2025-2026

Diaspora diplomacy complements official Indian state's soft power initiatives

Constitutional secularism ≠ cultural nationalism — UPSC distinguishes these strictly

Indra Sawhney judgment (1992) fixed 50% ceiling as constitutional bedrock; Maratha quota breached this.

102nd Amendment (2018) + 105th Amendment inserted Article 342A, enabling states to identify SEBCs independently.

Supreme Court's 2021 verdict struck down Maratha quota; states now seek Kunbi reclassification as workaround.

Established 2019; named after Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, unifier of 500+ princely states

Highest civilian honor for national integration; carries medal & citation but no monetary award

Selection by PM-constituted committee including Cabinet Secretary, Home Secretary, eminent personalities

RAW established 1968 under K.N. Kao post-1962 & 1965 wars to address foreign intelligence gaps

RAW reports to Cabinet Secretariat/PMO; IB reports to Ministry of Home Affairs

Both operate under executive mandates without dedicated parliamentary statutes—ongoing reform debate

ICMR mandates doctor as final decision-maker; AI is tool, not autonomous agent

Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 governs patient data in AI systems

WHO emphasizes "human-in-the-loop" governance for Large Multi-Modal Models in health

FSSAI operates under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare; regulates manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food articles.

Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 mandates strict labeling accuracy; salt content in spice mixes cannot exceed 5%.

Adulteration penalties under Food Safety Act include imprisonment and fines; repeat violations invite stricter action.

National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) 2016 governs greenfield airport approvals and PPP models.

Article 14 (equality) and Article 19(1)(g) (trade freedom) shield against arbitrary administrative action by regulators.

Natural justice principles (show-cause notice, fair hearing, reasoned order) are non-waivable before license cancellation.

Judicial review remains the ultimate check on regulatory discretion in India's administrative structure.

Strait of Hormuz handles ~20% of global petroleum; blockade risks catastrophic energy crisis

JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) is the multilateral nuclear framework; US withdrawal in 2018 triggered current sanctions cycle

Chabahar Port is India's strategic leverage in West Asia; sanctions compliance threatens investment

NAAQS tracks eight pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb

Urban heat island effect can maintain high AQI despite monsoonal precipitation

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) is India's primary air governance body